How to cite:
Juliana Putri, Yuwono Setiadi (2022). Description of Food Intake and
Physical Activity Related to the Event of Obesity in Adolescent Ages
16-18 Years Old. Journal Eduvest. Vol 2(3): 588-597
E-ISSN:
2775-3727
Published by:
https://greenpublisher.id/
Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies
Volume 2 Number 3, March, 2022
p- ISSN 2775-3735- e-ISSN 2775-3727
DESCRIPTION OF FOOD INTAKE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
RELATED TO THE EVENT OF OBESITY IN ADOLESCENT AGES
16-18 YEARS OLD
Juliana Putri
1
, Yuwono Setiadi
2
Health Polytechnic of the Ministry of Health Semarang, Indonesia
Email: julianap07@gmail.com, ywnjurusangz@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Received:
Ferbuary, 26
th
2022
Revised:
March, 16
th
2022
Approved:
March, 18
th
2022
Obesity is a health problem caused by excessive fat accumulation
which causes a person to gain weight far above normal.
Adolescence is also a period that is vulnerable to obesity, because
in adolescence biological, psychosocial and cognitive changes
begin to occur which begin during puberty and have a direct effect
on the nutritional status and needs of adolescents. Unexpected
health problems occur around the world which have resulted in a
pandemic, namely the Covid-19 pandemic. This pandemic has
changed several habits that can lead to health problems, namely
the occurrence of being overweight above normal as happened to
teenagers in the Sendangmulyo Village area. To find out the
description of food intake and physical activity related to the
incidence of obesity in adolescents aged 16-18 years in
Sendangmulyo Village during the Covid-19 pandemic. Included in
the nutritional research field of society using a cross sectional
approach. The sample used in the study was 35 teenagers who live
in Sendangmulyo Village. Intake data was collected twice 24 hours
using the recall method and physical activity data was collected
once by filling out a questionnaire. Most respondents have
overweight nutritional status as many as 16 people (42.9%) with
adequate energy intake (40%), with sufficient protein adequacy
(45.7%), excess fat adequacy (60%) carbohydrate adequacy which
is still lacking (57.1%) accompanied by low activity (54.3%). The
majority of respondents have overweight nutritional status with
sufficient energy and protein, but fat adequacy is still classified as
excess, carbohydrate adequacy is still lacking and physical activity
is still classified in the low category.
KEYWORDS
Food Intake, Physical Activity, Obesity
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Juliana Putri, Yuwono Setiadi
Description of Food Intake and Physical Activity Related to the Event of Obesity in
Adolescent Ages 16-18 Years Old 589
INTRODUCTION
Nutritional problems in Indonesia enter a dual nutritional problem, namely
undernutrition and overnutrition which can lead to obesity which can occur in children to
adulthood (Sartika, 2011). Obesity is a condition where there is excessive fat
accumulation which causes a person to gain weight far above normal and can cause
several health problems (Vlachos et al., 2015). It was also written that overweight and
obesity have become serious health problems since the beginning of the 21st century
(Lipsky et al., 2012).
In Indonesia itself, according to the results of basic research or Riskesdas 2018
that the obesity rate in adolescents and adults in Indonesia increased to 21.8 percent.
While in Central Java Province the proportion of obesity aged 15 years was 21.5% and
the proportion of obesity aged 15 years in Semarang City was 29.14% and the proportion
of obesity at age 15 years in the Kedungmundu Public Health Center area was 8.3% and
the largest proportion in Sendangmulyo village with a percentage of 34.7%. The
international classification of anthropometric measurement methods to determine the
degree of obesity is based on Body Mass Index (BMI) (Putri, Decroli, & Nasrul, 2015)
The Indonesian Ministry of Health wrote that obesity itself refers to a condition where the
Body Mass Index (BMI) value is above 27.
Adolescence (10-18 years) is a period of nutritional vulnerability due to various
causes and factors. Factors causing obesity in adolescents are multifactorial. Increased
consumption of fast food (fast food), low physical activity, genetic factors, the influence
of advertising, psychological factors, socioeconomic status, diet program, age, and gender
are factors that contribute to changes in energy balance and lead to obesity (Kurdanti et
al., 2015).
Adolescence is also a period that is vulnerable to obesity, because in adolescence
biological, psychosocial and cognitive changes begin to occur which begin during
puberty and have a direct effect on the nutritional status and needs of adolescents
(Suryandari & Widyastuti, 2015). Obesity in adolescents is closely related. with intake
that can affect body weight. Obesity is the result of an imbalance between energy intake
and energy output in the long term, resulting in excessive accumulation of fat tissue. High
energy intake is caused by excessive food consumption, while low energy output is
caused by low physical activity (Pramono & Sulchan, 2014). Fast food consumption in
adolescents is categorized as frequent and very often associated with an increase in BMI
in adolescents.
At this time the world is experiencing an unexpected life-changing event due to
the Covid-19 pandemic. Due to the very fast spread and the absence of a vaccine, the
government has made a policy to reduce the spread of Covid-19. The Indonesian
government makes a policy for the community to implement the implementation of
Large-Scale Social Restrictions in which people are encouraged to reduce outdoor
activities and stay at home (Ardella, 2020). This causes a lot of people to work from
home or online school so that people spend more time at home (Jiménez-Pavón,
Carbonell-Baeza, & Lavie, 2020). In a study conducted by Widayati, et al revealed that
there were significant changes in students, namely increased food intake with less
activity. Efforts to reduce the spread of the Covid-19 virus, the government also
recommends implementing physical distancing where there are restrictions on activities
outside the home which then have an impact on physical activity that can be done for
health such as decreased exercise (Nurhadi, 2020).
This situation does not rule out the possibility to carry out balanced physical
activity, because sufficient physical activity will increase endurance so that it can
Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies
Volume 2 Number 3, March 2022
590 http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id
suppress excessive inflammatory reactions so that balanced physical activity is needed in
accordance with health protocols (Bull et al., 2020) (Kemenkes RI, 2019).
Based on the description above, the researcher is interested in conducting a study
with the title "Overview of Food Intake and Physical Activity related to the incidence of
Obesity in Adolescents aged 16-18 years in Sendangmulyo Village during the Covid-19
Pandemic".
RESEARCH METHOD
This research is a research in the field of community nutrition that focuses on the
description of food intake and physical activity related to the incidence of obesity in
adolescents aged 16-18 years in the Sendangmulyo Village area, Semarang. The location
of the research was carried out in the working area of the Kedungmundu Health Center in
adolescents aged 16-18 years who lived in Sendangmulyo Village, Tembalang, Semarang
City, Central Java.
The type of research used in this study is descriptive, namely the type of research
conducted to describe how intake and activity in adolescents are related to the incidence
of obesity in Sendangmulyo Village, Tembalang District, Semarang City. This research
is a cross-sectional study, namely research that is carried out at one time without
following the development of the variables. The independent variables in this study were
food intake (including energy intake, protein intake, fat intake and carbohydrate intake)
and physical activity while the dependent variable was adolescents.
The population in this study were adolescents aged 16-18 years who were in the
working area of the Kedungmundu Health Center and resided in Sendangmulyo Village,
Tembalang District, Semarang City. The sample used in this study were adolescents aged
16-18 years who lived in the Sendangmulyo Village area and were recorded in the
register records of the Kedungmundu Health Center, Tembalang District, Semarang City
in March-April. The samples taken were determined using the following cross sectional
formula:
n =
Information :
n = number of samples
Z
f-a/2
= Z value at alpha 0.10 (1.64)
P = the proportion of obese adolescents in Sendangmulyo Village at the
Kedungmundu Health Center (34.7%)
d = The degree of precision used is 0.1
N = the recorded population of teenagers in Sendangmulyo Village
n = minimum sample
Calculation :
n =
n = 35,4
(rounded up to 35 respondents)
In this study, univariate analysis was used to describe research variables which
included energy intake, protein intake, fat intake, carbohydrate intake and physical
activity.
Juliana Putri, Yuwono Setiadi
Description of Food Intake and Physical Activity Related to the Event of Obesity in
Adolescent Ages 16-18 Years Old 591
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. RESEARCH LOCATION DESCRIPTION
The research was conducted in the Sendangmulyo Village, Tembalang District,
Semarang City. Sendangmulyo Village oversees 32 RW and 278 RT with an area of ±
358.57 hectares with the boundaries of the area as follows:
1. North side : Kedungmundu Village
2. East side : Pedurungan District, Demak Regency.
3. South side : Meteseh Village
4. On the west side : Sambiroto Village, Mangunharjo Village..
B. RESPONDENTS OVERVIEW
The sample in this study were adolescents aged 16-18 years who lived in the
Sendangmulyo village area, Tembalang District, Semarang City. The number of samples
in this study were 35 samples.
The results in this study are presented in the frequency distribution of adolescents
based on age, nutritional status, food intake which includes energy, protein, fat and
carbohydrates, as well as physical activity.
The following are the characteristics of the sample overview:
1. Age
The age of the teenagers who became the respondents was 16-18 years old. The
youngest age in this study was 16 years old and the oldest was 18 years old. Most of the
respondents in this study were 16 years old. For more details regarding the distribution of
respondent data, it is presented in the following table:
Table 1 – Distribution of Respondents by age
Age (years)
n
%
16
16
45.7
17
11
31.4
18
8
22.9
Total
35
100
Based on table 1, it was found that there were more respondents aged 16 years
with a total sample of 16 people (45.7%). While the respondents aged 17 years were 11
people (31.5%) and those aged 18 years were 8 people (22.9%).
2. Gender
The gender of the respondents used in this study were male and female
adolescents. For more details, it is presented in the following table
Table 2- Distribution of Respondents by Gender.
Gender
n
%
Male
12
34.3
Woman
23
65.7
Total
35
100.0
Based on table 2 it can be seen that the female sex is more dominant in this study
as many as 23 people (53.4%) and the male sex in this study as many as 12 people
(34.3%).
C. DESCRIPTION ANALYSIS
1. Overview of Nutritional Status
Nutritional status obtained by calculating the value of BMI (Body Mass Index) in
measuring body weight against height is useful for assessing body fat. The following are
Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies
Volume 2 Number 3, March 2022
592 http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id
the results of the distribution of the nutritional status of adolescents who were sampled in
this study.
Table 3- Distribution of Nutritional Status
nutritional status
n
%
Underweight
1
2.9
Normal
14
40
Overweight
15
42.9
Obesity I
4
11.4
Obesity II
1
2.9
Total
35
100.0
Based on table 3, it can be concluded that most of the nutritional status of the
adolescent respondents who were sampled were overweight with 15 teenagers (42.9%).
While the rest, adolescents with normal nutritional status as many as 14 people (40%),
adolescents with underweight nutritional status as many as 1 person (2.9%), adolescents
with obesity nutritional status I as many as 4 people (11.4%) and adolescents with obese
nutritional status II as many as 1 person (2.9%). Adolescents with overweight nutritional
status are due to frequent consumption of fried foods, consumption of junk food,
infrequent consumption of vegetables and fruit and low levels of activity.
2. Frequency Distribution of Energy Adequacy Based on Adolescent Nutritional
Status
Energy intake is the average amount of food and drink consumed every day and
is expressed in kcal units and the incoming energy intake must be balanced, if there is an
imbalance it will cause nutritional problems (Rachmayani, Kuswari, & Melani, 2018)
Table 4 - Energy Adequacy Distribution
Energy
Intake
Status Gizi
Total
Underwe
ight
Normal
Overwei
ght
Obesity I
Obesity
II
N
%
N
%
N
%
N
%
N
%
N
%
Not
enough
1
100
10
71.4
1
6.7
0
0
0
0
12
34.3
Enough
0
0
4
28.6
8
53.3
1
25
1
100
14
40
More
0
0
0
0
6
40
3
75
0
0
9
25.7
Total
1
100
14
100
15
100
4
100
1
100
35
100
Table 4 shows that one out of one teenager with underweight nutritional status
has insufficient energy (100%) because food intake is still lacking with a total energy of
only 1126kcal when compared to the energy adequacy which should be 2650kcal.
Adolescents with normal nutritional status have insufficient energy adequacy as many as
10 people (71.4%) because the portion consumed is still lacking and those who have
sufficient energy adequacy are 4 people (28.6%). Adolescents with overweight nutritional
status who have insufficient energy are 1 person (6.7%) while those who have sufficient
energy are 8 people (53.3%) and those who have more energy adequacy are 6 people with
overweight nutritional status (40.0%). because the intake exceeds the energy adequacy
rate that should be, adolescents with obesity I nutritional status are more dominant in
having more energy adequacy as many as 3 people (75%) and the rest having sufficient
Juliana Putri, Yuwono Setiadi
Description of Food Intake and Physical Activity Related to the Event of Obesity in
Adolescent Ages 16-18 Years Old 593
energy as much as 1 person (25%). And one teenager from one with obesity nutritional
status II has sufficient energy sufficiency (100%).
Excess energy adequacy is because teenagers like to consume food more than the
proper portion so that the caloric value that comes in exceeds the energy adequacy rate
set, namely in women as much as 2100kcal and men as much as 2650kcal. Meanwhile,
the lack of energy adequacy is caused by the frequency of eating infrequently with a
small portion of food so that the incoming caloric value is not sufficient than what it
should be.
3. Frequency Distribution of Protein Adequacy Based on Nutritional Status
Protein intake also affects nutritional status because protein also has a risk of
obesity in the future (Qualls et al., 2017). The following is a description of the protein
adequacy of the respondents in this study
The following is the distribution of the frequency of protein adequacy on
nutritional status.
Table 5- Distribution of Protein Adequacy
Protein
Intake
nutritional status
Total
Underwei
ght
Normal
Overweig
ht
Obesity I
Obesity
II
N
%
N
%
N
%
N
%
N
%
N
%
Not
enough
1
100
6
42.9
1
6.7
0
0
0
0
8
22.9
Enough
0
0
8
57.1
7
46.7
1
25
0
0
16
45.7
More
0
0
0
0
7
46.7
3
75
1
100
11
31.4
Total
1
100
14
100
15
100
4
100
1
100
35
100
Based on the level of protein adequacy according to the 2019 RDA, adolescents
with underweight nutritional status still have insufficient protein, which is obtained from
protein intake of only 33.5gr, this figure is still far from the protein adequacy which
should be 75gr. Meanwhile, insufficient protein adequacy was also found in 6 adolescents
with normal nutritional status (42.9%) and adolescents with other normal nutritional
status had sufficient protein adequacy as many as 8 people (57.1%). Adolescents with
overweight nutritional status have less protein adequacy as much as 1 person (6.7%) and
those who have sufficient protein adequacy and more each as many as 7 people with their
respective percentages (46.7%). Meanwhile, adolescents with obesity I nutritional status
were more dominant in having more protein adequacy as many as 3 people (75%) and the
remaining 1 person had sufficient protein adequacy (25%). Adolescents with obesity II
nutritional status have more protein adequacy (100%)
The lack of protein adequacy owned by the respondents in the study was due to
the lack of intake of protein sources, both vegetable and animal, so that the total value of
protein intake had not reached the adequacy of protein according to the RDA. And it was
also found that adolescents who have a protein adequacy rate are more likely to have a
habit of consuming side dishes of vegetable and animal protein sources, especially animal
protein, namely seafood and other animal meats, while the habit of eating vegetable
protein sources is more consuming snacks with the basic ingredients of nuts. Foods that
are high in animal protein contain high cholesterol and saturated fatty acids, which have a
negative impact on health and are associated with obesity. (Suryandari & Widyastuti,
2015).
Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies
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594 http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id
4. Frequency Distribution of Fat Adequacy Based on Nutritional Status
The following is the distribution of the frequency of fat adequacy based on the
nutritional status of the respondents in the study
Table 6- Distribution of Adequate Fat
Fat
Intake
nutritional status
Total
Underwei
ght
Normal
Overwei
ght
Obesity I
Obesity II
N
%
N
%
N
%
N
%
N
%
N
%
Not
enough
1
100
4
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
14.3
Enough
0
0
5
35.7
4
26.7
0
0
0
0
9
25.7
More
0
0
5
35.7
11
73.3
4
100
1
100
21
60
Total
1
100
14
100
15
100
4
100
1
100
35
100
Table 6 shows that fat adequacy in 35 respondents has the category of excessive
fat intake with a total of 21 adolescents (60%) of adolescents with normal nutritional
status as many as 5 (35.7%) adolescents with overweight nutritional status as many as 11
people (73.3) adolescents with nutritional status. obesity I all had excess fat intake as
many as 4 people (100%) and one in one obese teenager II also had more fat intake
(100%). While the rest had adequate fat intake in adolescents with normal nutritional
status as many as 5 people (35.7%), adolescents with overweight nutritional status as
many as 26.7%. Adequate fat is also lacking in adolescents with normal nutritional status
as many as 4 people (28.6%) and one in one teenager with underweight nutritional status
(100%).
From the results of intake recall data, the average fat intake for 35 respondents
was 93.1gr. The average fat intake of respondents exceeds the recommended fat adequacy
rate of 70 grams for teenage girls and 85 grams for teenage boys. The excess fat intake
was due to the sample's diet that preferred foods with high fat content such as fried foods
and junk food. Junk food itself is fast food that contains high fat. If junk food is
consumed in excess it can cause health problems such as obesity. (Martien, Adhyatmika,
Irianto, Farida, & Sari, 2012)
5. Frequency Distribution of Carbohydrate Adequacy Based on Nutritional Status
The following table shows the distribution of protein adequacy on nutritional status.
Table 7- Distribution of Protein Adequacy
Kh intake
nutritional status
Total
Underweight
Normal
Overwei
ght
Obesity I
Obesity
II
N
%
N
%
N
%
N
%
N
%
N
%
Not
enough
1
100
13
92.9
5
33.3
0
0
1
100
20
57.1
Enough
0
0
1
7.1
9
60
3
75
0
0
13
37.1
More
0
0
0
0
1
6.7
1
25
0
0
2
5.7
Total
1
100
14
100
15
100
4
100
1
100
35
100
Based on table 10, it was found that the carbohydrate adequacy of the 35 samples
was still classified as lacking with the number of adolescents being 20 people (57.1%)
and the carbohydrate adequacy which was classified as sufficient as many as 13 people
(37.1%) and the remaining 2 people having more carbohydrate intake. overweight (6.7%)
and one teenager with obesity nutritional status I (25%). Carbohydrates are a source of
Juliana Putri, Yuwono Setiadi
Description of Food Intake and Physical Activity Related to the Event of Obesity in
Adolescent Ages 16-18 Years Old 595
energy that plays an important role, the source of carbohydrates itself, especially in the
form of simple sugars that are easily soluble in water and easily carried to all cells to
provide energy. This is related to carbohydrate intake in the sample that consumes less
high-carbohydrate foods compared to fat consumption which also contributes the most
energy to intake. However, it was also found in adolescents with obesity nutritional status
I in women who had a carbohydrate intake of 364.4gr/day. This figure exceeds the
recommended carbohydrate intake. The recommended carbohydrate intake for men is
430gr/day while for women it is 300gr/day.
6. Overview of Physical Activity
If there is an imbalance between physical activity expended and energy intake, it
will also affect the nutritional status of obesity. The following is a description of physical
activity in adolescents aged 16-18 years:
Table 8- Distribution of Physical Activity
Physical
activity
nutritional status
Total
Underwe
ight
Normal
Overweig
ht
Obesity
I
Obesity
II
N
%
N
%
N
%
N
%
N
%
N
%
Low
0
0
7
50
7
46.7
4
100
1
100
19
54.3
Currently
0
0
3
21.4
7
46.7
0
0
0
0
10
28.6
Heavy
1
100
4
28.6
1
6.7
0
0
0
0
6
17.1
Total
1
100
14
100
15
100
4
100
1
100
35
100
In table 8 it can be concluded that most of the adolescents who were respondents
still had low levels of physical activity, as shown in 19 out of 35 adolescents who had low
physical activity (54.3%). Adolescents with normal nutritional status had low physical
activity as many as 7 people (50%) with moderate physical activity 3 people (21.4%) and
teenagers with normal nutritional status who had heavy physical activity as many as 4
people (28.6%). Adolescents with overweight nutritional status who had low and
moderate activity were 7 people with each percentage (46.7%) and one teenager with
overweight nutritional status had strenuous activity. Meanwhile, adolescents with obesity
nutritional status all have low activity.
The low activity of the respondents mostly have activities in the house. Due to
the government's policy regarding the online learning system, the teenagers who were the
sample participated in the learning process from inside the home. So that the activities
carried out by teenagers are included in the activities of the low category. With an online
learning system, it is possible for teenagers to take part in learning while eating and
drinking. This also affects the level of intake because usually in face-to-face learning at
school it is not allowed to take part in learning while eating or drinking in class.
There are also some teenagers who spend their time playing gadgets, watching
movies and relaxing. It affects low levels of physical activity. The influence of
government policies on large-scale social restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic is
also slowly affecting the habits of teenagers who usually spend their time shopping or just
walking around the mall now prefer to shop at online shops. Here it can be concluded that
an imbalance in intake and physical activity can affect a person's nutritional status, shown
in obese adolescents who all have low activity because they often do light activities,
namely sitting, sleeping without being balanced with heavy physical activity such as
exercising. Especially when the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia is one of the factors in
carrying out social restrictions outside the room, so that outdoor physical activity such as
before the Covid-19 pandemic is reduced and the time that should be used for exercise is
spent playing cellphones, watching TV and relaxing.
Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies
Volume 2 Number 3, March 2022
596 http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id
CONCLUSION
Based on the results and discussion of the research above, it can be concluded that:
Most of the adolescents in this study were overweight as many as 15 people (42.9%). Of
the 35 samples, most of the adolescents had sufficient energy in the sufficient category
(40%). Adequacy of protein from 35 samples was sufficient as many as 16 people
(45.7%). Adequate fat intake in 35 samples of adolescents still dominates the more
category in 21 adolescents (60%). Physical activity in 35 adolescents is still low in 19
adolescents (54.3%).
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